Professionalism in teaching

Professionalism in teaching A Search of Teacher Professionalism. A personal reflection through the Lenses of a Traditional, Conflict Theory, Neo Liberal and Critical Perspective. In a recent Guardian Secret teacher article (2015) one school leader explains how they feel lost, set adrift, since the last update to the Ofsted inspection guidance. â€Å"I used to think I knew the rules for inspections – I built my career on it.† Is this a reflection of the teaching profession today? Have teachers been re-professionalised under the scrutiny of performativity as put forward by Ball (2003). I aim to consider these ideas looking at the role of the professional with particular emphasis on my own feelings of professionalism. I joined the teaching profession to make a difference or that is certainly how it felt. My decision to become a teacher was built upon a desire to influence the life chances of young people. But having entered the profession with seemingly noble intentions what sort of profession have I joined? What sort of professional have I become? The nature of professionalism has been subject to much scholarly debate. It has even been suggested (Whitty, 2000) that a profession is whatever society thinks it is and therefore this could mean we have to consider professionalism in a personal context. In order to discuss the concept of professionalism I first need to attempt to define the term ‘professionalism’ for myself. The terms professional and professionalism mean different things to different people. Through my readings around professionalism there appear to be four main structures with which to consider the concept of professionalism. I will examine each of these stances and reflect on my own sense of professionalism through these lenses. Ultimately attempting to consider each perspectives utility for my own practice. Traditional Traditional views of professionalism are largely based on occupations like medicine and law (Demirkasimoglu, 2010). These professions have high status and pay but also high levels of autonomy. For this reason occupations like teaching are traditionally accepted as quasi professional in that ‘Bureaucratic control†¦.fills the need for coordination by limiting the semiprofessionals discretion or autonomy’ (Leiter, 1981 pp225) There are many aspects of teaching that I believe correlate with the traditional view of a professional. Teachers provide a public service, require expert knowledge and skills, and are driven by a moral imperative. I would align myself with these principles and therefore to some extent with the view that teaching is a traditional profession and that I myself am a professional from a traditional perspective. Teaching as an occupation does however differ from traditional professions. Teachers are subject to more organisational control than both lawyers and doctors and although the responsibility of education is vast it could be argued that it is not as large as those of liberty and health. When considering my own sense of professionalism from a traditional perspective, I also question if there is a further distinction between modern teaching and the traditional view of professionalism. Traditional professions afford a significant amount of distance between the client and the practitioner. Within teaching, due to the regular interaction between client and practitioner and the nature of the relationships that are formed this metaphorical distance is not so extensive. This idea leads me to consider the changes that may have occurred to teacher professionalism as the role of teacher has altered over the past century. Teachers are expected to be more than imparters of knowledge and as the emphasis on their role has shifted so too has the potential for teachers to be considered alongside doctors and lawyers as traditional professionals. From a personal perspective I find it hard to align my own feelings of professionalism with the traditional view that would separate teaching as a high status profession from other occupations. As much of a teachers work is conducted through direct client interaction and the relationship that is formed is an essential part of successful p ractice, much like nurses and social workers, this consigns teaching to remain quasi professional and for me to not consider myself a teacher in the fully traditional sense. Conflict Theory Another view point on the nature of the professional can be gained from Conflict Theory. Conflict Theory originates from Marxist thought. Macdonald (1995) suggests that from a Marxist standpoint it is not the knowledge that makes a professional high status but the value of this knowledge to the capitalist system. Therefore the professionals maintain structures in society by ensuring that positions are monopolised. Conflict Theory proposes that the social relationships of differing groups are built upon power and exploitation. Thus it is suggested that in effect the education system is organised to ensure that power is exercised and different groups within society exploited. Ozga (1987) defines teacher professionalism as a form of state control with teachers being subject to ‘direct’ or ‘indirect rule’ by the state as political, economic, social and cultural circumstances determined. This suggests that the state is using professionalism as a means to gain desired outcomes. â€Å"When we hear from all sides the demand for an introduction of regular curricula and special examinations the reason behind it is, of course, not a suddenly awakened ‘thirst for knowledge’ but the desire for restricting the supply of these positions and their monopolization by the owners of educational certificates† (Weber, cited in Gerth and Wright Mills 1946, pp 242) Analysing the arguments made by conflict theory about the role of professionals in society fills me with personal disquiet and apprehension. Conflict Theory suggests a role of the professional that significantly differs from my own feelings of morality, integrity and service. I believe that I entered the teaching profession to be of value. I see the role of a teacher as potentially immense in individual lives. Teachers have the opportunity to develop the academic ability and achievement of their students but also to have influence on their development as people. To suggest that part of the role of professionals, and therefore teachers, is to ensure that groups within society are restricted and that the structure of society maintained is, for me, and I would suggest many others within teaching, unpalatable. This does not however mean that this is an incorrect standpoint. It would be hard to argue that the teachers professionalism has been used by the state to manipulate the profession into certain modes of behaviour. The teachers standards (2011) indeed define the behaviour and attitudes which set the required standard for conduct throughout a teacher’s career. I find it difficult to square this particular circle. I see no problem with the statements made within the Teachers Standards but there still remains a discordancy between this view of an imposed professionalism and my own feelings of myself as a professional. Whatever the larger political structures that we live and work under this does not mean we have to fulfil the role suggested. Evans (2008) sees professionalism more as a sum of individuals ‘professionality orientation’. The plural of how a group of individuals perceive their own professionalism. Professionalism is co constructed by the actions and beliefs on individuals who make up the profession. I believe strongly in the role of teachers to break norms in society and enable those that are less fortunate to succeed. Conflict Theory may suggest that systems would make this difficult however I do not feel that this in any way defines myself as a professional. Conflict Theory suggests a view of teachers as an occupational group with a professionalism defined by the state. Is the individual sense of ‘professionality orientation’ as outlined by Evans not a better measure of an individual’s professionalism? Or as Gewirtz stated â€Å".. teachers are not the passive dupes of classical Marxism, unwittingly co-opted as agents of the state: they are active agents resisting state control strategies and forcing their employers to refine and rework those strategies.† (Gewirtz, cited in Hextall et al 2007, pp39) Considering all of the points above I do not feel that the conclusions from Conflict Theory help to define an individual teacher as a professional. I certainly do not feel that they help to define me as a professional. A sense of professionalism seems more personal than that which can be provided by broad statements defined by the state. Neo-Liberal We live in an age of high levels of external accountability. Ofsted, School league tables, the National Curriculum and performance related pay are just some of the high stake measures which have been introduced over the past thirty years. Gewirtz (2002) argues that the restructuring of the education system has been part of the dismantling of welfarism whilst introducing managerialist forms of control and increased centralisation. This is seen as part of a Neo-Liberal approach to create competition and markets where previously there were none. This Neo-Liberal agenda has significantly shifted the role of the professional. â€Å"The preferred strategy of the neo-liberal marketisers has been deregulation of the profession..† (Gleeson Husbands, 2001, pp287) Dale (1989) describes a shift in the mode of state regulation of teacher professionalism. Regulation has altered professionalism from a licenced form of autonomy to a more tightly controlled ‘regulated’ autonomy. These views do not agree with assumptions that teachers have been moving towards a professional status parallel to that which has been attained by the traditional professions of Medicine and Law. The march of the Neo-Liberal agenda has resulted in a ‘struggle over the teachers sole’ (Ball 2003 pp 217). Ball suggests that the introduction of such performativity has led to an erosion of the traditional professional values, a shift in professional identity and the meaning of ‘professional’ for teachers. This has led to the emergence of a new kind of professional with differing professional values. I can identify with some of the ‘new professional’ values that Ball (2003) identifies. The increased levels of performativity have altered the way the profession as a whole behaves and I think individual views of their own professionalism. I can identify with some of the traits Ball attributes to the new managers. ‘Thus the work of the manager, the new hero of educational reform, involves instilling the attitude and culture within which workers feel themselves accountable and at the same time committed or personally invested in the organisation’ (Ball, 2003, pp219) Whilst recognising the negative spin that Ball is placing on this role I also would suggest that the new managers have helped improve the education system thought accountability and investment measures. I do see these attributes as part of my own professional identify. However Ball continues by suggesting that part of the manager role is to create a docile (and capable) workforce. I do not see this as something that is part of my professional identify. I feel that we should be developing teachers who are able to question and drive the profession forward. Who have ‘extended professionality‘ (Hoyle, 1975, pp 318), an ability to have a much wider view of what education involves. Whilst Ball is strongly questioning the use of performativity and the values of the new professionalism that has arisen from its use I find that some, but not all, of these values do align with my own feelings of professionalism. Critical Perspectives. More recent perspectives on professionalism suggest that we might rethink professionalism to be about how we do what we do, rather than an acquired status. Whitty (2008) moves beyond the notion of educational reforms being used to de-professionalise teachers but instead for these to be an attempt at re-professionalisation. There is acknowledgement that educational reform has brought about changes in professionalism but that this may be constructing a new type of professional potentially more appropriate to contemporary needs. Hargreaves (2000) identified four ages of professionalism: the pre-professional age, the age of the autonomous professional, the age of the collegial professional and post-professional or postmodern. The fourth age, post-professional or postmodern, which Hargreaves believes the profession is moving into (or has already entered) is characterised by a struggle between groups or forces which are trying to de-professionalise the work of teaching and groups or forces who are trying to redefine teacher professionalism. ‘One possible outcome of these processes is a new, postmodern professionalism that is broader, more flexible and more democratically inclusive of groups outside teaching and their concerns than its predecessors.’ (Hargreaves, 2000, pp167). These are some of the attributes that would be clear in postmodern professionalism. Whitty (2008) categorises the teachers into two distinct groups. The ‘new entrepreneurs’ and the ‘old collectivists’. Both Whitty and Hargreaves are suggesting we are at time of change in teacher professionalism. But unlike the ‘new managers’ defined by Ball (2003) the new entrepreneurs who have embraced the changing educational agenda have gained more potential status and rewards, including broader training opportunities and a limited degree of autonomy. So rather than managing the line of performativity the new entrepreneurs have the opportunity to help re define teacher postmodern professionalism. It does feel that the work of teachers has altered even within my own professional life. I would suggest that the critical perspective lens allows for potentially the greatest reflection into my own thoughts of professionalism. As previously mentioned I can identify with some of the traits Ball (2003) attributes to the new managers. When these professional attributes are considered from a critical perspective lens I begin to feel that I can form some stronger opinions as to my own professional identity. The traditional professional has some features that are in common with my own professional identify. However, the client-professional relationship that is formed within the work of teachers leads me to believe that I cannot align my own professionalism with these traditional beliefs. Whist Conflict Theory and a Neo-Liberal analysis allow us to consider the role that the state has, and is, playing on teacher professionalism I do feel that that the role the state is playing defines me as a professional. Evans (2008) proposes that professionalism is not something that is an idealised concept. Professionalism has to be something that people actually ‘do’ not something that government or any other agency thrusts upon them. Therefore professionalism has a very personal context. I believe that I hold some of the professional attributes that would be associated with the new managers described by Ball (2003) and the ‘new entrepreneurs’ described by Whitty (2008). I believe that systems of accountability and investment within the organisation are part of my own feeling of professionalism. These are about increasing teacher performance but for the benefit of the young people who have one chance of succeeding within the education system. However I also feel that there are areas of my own professionality that are not discussed in these roles. The concept of ‘extended professionality‘ (Hoyle, 1975) is something that is deep within my own feelings of profess ionalism . It is a teachers duty to continually improve, to value the underlying pedagogy, to have a much wider view of what education involves and to adopt generally a more critical approach to the job. (Evans, 2008). Hence, I would suggest that I am potentially a new professional, one who has accepted the changes of performativity but trying to see the benefits such performativity can bring as well as ensuring that the main focus does not stray from what is best for the young people in our care. Bibliography Ball, S.J (2003) The teachers soul and the terrors of performativity, Journal of Education Policy, 18:2, 215-228 Department for Education (2011) Teachers’ standards. Teachers’ standards. Available at: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/teachers-standards (Accessed: 12 February 2015). DemirkasÄ ±moÄÅ ¸lu, N. (2010) ‘Defining â€Å"Teacher Professionalism† from different perspectives’,Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences, 9, pp. 2047–2051. doi: 10.1016/j.sbspro.2010.12.444. Evans, L (2008) Professionalism, professionality and the development of education professionals, British Journal of Educational Studies, 56:1, 20-38. Gewirtz, S (1996) Post-welfarism and the reconstruction of teachers work, paper presented at the British Educational Research Association Conference, University of Lancaster, September 1996. Gewirtz, S (2002), The managerial school : post-welfarism and social justice in education. Routledge, London ; New York Gleeson, D. and Husbands, C. (2001) The performing school managing, teaching, and learning in a performance culture. United Kingdom: Londonà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¯: RoutledgeFarmer, 2001. Hargreaves, A (2000) Four Ages of Professionalism and Professional Learning, Teachers and Teaching: theory and practice, 6:2, 151-182 Hexhall, I et al. (2007) Changing Teacher Roles, Identities and Professionalism, Teaching and Learning Research Programme Hoyle, E. (1975) Professionality, professionalism and control in teaching. In V. Houghton et al. (eds) Management in Education: the Management of Organisations and Individuals (Management in Education: the Management of Organisations and Individuals London, Ward Lock Educational in association with Open University Press). Leiter, J (1981) Perceived Teacher Autonomy and the Meaning of Organizational Control, The Sociological Quarterly, Vol. 22, No. 2 (Spring, 1981), pp. 225-239 Mockler, N. (2004) ‘Transforming Teachers: new professional learning and transformative teacher professionalism’ Paper presented to the Australian Association for Educational Research Annual Conference, University of Melbourne, 28 Nov-2 Dec, 2004. Macdonald, K. (1995) The sociology of the professions. United Kingdom: SAGE Publications Ltd. Ozga, J (1987)Schoolwork: Approaches to the Labour Process of Teaching. United Kingdom: Milton Keynes, Englandà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¯; Open University Press, 1988. Parsons (1947) ‘Gerth, H. H., and C. Wright Mills (Eds. and Trans.). From Max Weber: Essays in Sociology. Pp. 490. New York: Oxford University Press, 1946. The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science. Patrick, F. (2013) Neoliberalism, the Knowledge Economy, and the Learner: Challenging the Inevitability of the Commodified Self as an Outcome of Education, ISRN Education, vol. 2013. Raab, C.D, David, M, Levitas, R (1990) ‘The State and Education Policy’ British Journal of Sociology of Education, 11(1), pp. 87–96. Teacher, T. S. (2015) ‘Secret Teacher: Dear Ofsted, please can you send me a copy of the real rules?’,The Guardian, 24 January. Available at: http://www.theguardian.com/teacher-network/2015/jan/24/secret-teacher-ofsted-rules (Accessed: 13 February 2015). Whitty, G (2000) Teacher professionalism in new times, Journal of In-Service Education, 26:2, 281-295. Whitty, G. (2008) Changing modes of teacher professionalism: traditional, managerial, collaborative and democratic Pp.28-49 in B. Cunningham (ed) Exploring Professionalism. London: Institute of Education.

Intrusion detection system for internet

Intrusion detection system for internet ABSTRACT The visibility to detect the rapid growth of Internet attacks becomes an important issue in network security. Intrusion detection system (IDS) acts as necessary complement to firewall for monitoring packets on the computer network, performing analysis and incident-responses to the suspicious traffic. This report presents the design, implementation and experimentation of Network Intrusion Detection System (NIDS), which aims at providing effective network and anomaly based intrusion detection using ANOVA (Analysis of Variance) statistic. A generic system modelling approach and architecture are design for building the NIDS with useful functionalities. Solving the shortcomings of current statistical methods in anomaly based network intrusion detection system is one of the design objectives in this project as all of them reflect the necessary improvements in the network-based IDS industry. Throughout the system development of NIDS, several aspects for building an affective network-based IDS are emphasized, such as the statistical method implementation, packet analysis and detection capabilities. A step by step anomaly detection using ANOVA (Analysis of Variance) test has been calculated in the report. Chapter 1 Introduction This chapter is introduction to the whole project. This chapter introduce the project, its motivation, main objective and advance objectives. The chapter also give brief methodology of the research. Introduction The Though with the rapid growth of computer networks make life faster and easier, while on the other side it makes life insecure as well. Internet banking, on line buying, selling, on internet, is now part of our daily life, along with that, if we look at growing incidents of cyber attacks, security become a problem of great significance. Firewalls are no longer considered sufficient for reliable security, especially against zero error attacks. The security concern companies are now moving towards an additional layer of protection in the form of Intrusion Detection System. D.Yang, A.Usynin W.Hines (2006) explain intrusion and intrusion detection as: Any action that is not legally allowed for a user to take towards an information system is called intrusion and intrusion detection is a process of detecting and tracing inappropriate, and incorrect, or anomalous activity targeted at computing and networking resources [16]. Idea of intrusion detection was first introduced in 1980 (J.P Anderson) and first intrusion detection model was suggested in 1987 (D.E.Denning). Intrusion Prevention System (IPS) is considered as first line of defence and Intrusion Detection Systems are considered as second line defence [16]. IDS are useful once an intrusion has occurred to contain the resulting damage. Snot is best example of working Intrusion Detection System and Intrusion Prevention Systems (IDS/IPS) developed by Sourcefire. Which combine the benefits of signature, protocol and anomaly based inspection. IDS can be classified in to misuse detection and anomaly detection. Misuse detection or signature based IDS can detect intrusion based on known attack patterns or known system vulnerabilities or known intrusive scenarios where as anomaly intrusion detection or not-use detection systems are useful against zero -day attacks, pseudo zero-day attack. Anomaly based IDS based on assumption that behaviour of intruder is different from normal user. Anomaly detection systems can be divided into static and dynamic, S.Chebrolu, et al A.Abraham J.P.Thomas (2004). Static anomaly detectors assume that the portion of system being monitored will not change and they mostly address the software area of the system [17]. Protocol anomaly detection could be the best example of static anomaly detection [17]. Dynamic anomaly detection systems operate on network traffic data or audit records and that will be the main area of my interest in research. Anomaly IDS has become a popular research area due to strength of tracing zero-day threats, B.Schneier (2002). It examines user profiles and audit records etc, and targets the intruder by identifying the deviation from normal user behaviour and alert from potential unseen attacks [18]. Active attacks have more tendencies to be traced as compared to passive attacks, but in ideal IDS we try to traces both. Anomaly based Intrusion detection system are the next generation IDS and in system defence they are considered as second line of defence. In that research my main concentration will be Denial of service attacks their types and how to trace them. Motivations Though Internet is the well knowing technology of the day but still there are security concerns such as internet security and availability. The big threat to information security and availability is intrusion and denial-of-service attacks. Since the existing internet was developed about 40 year ago, at that time the priorities were different. Then unexpected growth of internet result exhaustion IPV4 address along with that it brings lots of security issues as well. According to the CERT statistical data 44,074 vulnerabilities had been reported till 2008. Intrusion is the main issue in computer networks. There are too many signature based intrusion detection are used within information systems. But these intrusion detection systems can only detect known intrusion. Another approach called anomaly based intrusion detection is the dominant technology now. Many organizations are working on anomaly based intrusion detection systems. Many organizations such as Massachusetts Institute of Technology are providing data set for this purpose. Motivated by the observation that there is lots of work is done using the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) data sets. Another aspect of the anomaly based intrusion detection system is statistical method. There are too many good multivariate statistical techniques e,g Multivariate Cumulative Sum (MCUSUM) and Multivariate Exponentially Weighted Moving Average (MEWMA) are used for anomaly detection in the wild of manufacturing systems [3]. Theoretically, these multivariate statistical methods can be used to intrusion detection for examining and detecting anomaly of a subject in the wild of information science. Practically it is not possible because of the computationally intensive procedures of these statistical techniques cannot meet the requirements of intrusion detection systems for several reasons. First, intrusion detection systems deal with huge amount of high-dimensional process data because of large number of behaviours and a high frequency of events occurrence [3]. Second, intrusion detection systems demand a minimum delay of processing of each event in computer systems to make sure an early d etection and signals of intrusions. Therefore, a method which study the variation is called ANOVA statistic would be used in this research. But there is no research available that have implemented ANOVA and F statistic on data sets collected by The Cooperative Association for Internet Data Analysis (CAIDA). The data sets provided by CAIDA are unique in their nature as it does not contain any session flow, any traffic between the attacker and the attack victim. It contains only reflections from the attack victim that went back to other real or spoof IP addresses. It creates trouble in estimating the attack. I will take that trouble as challenge. Research Question In this section I will explore the core objective of the research and a road map to achieve those objectives. During that research I will study data sets called backscatter-2008, collected by CAIDA for denial of services attacks. I will use statistical technique ANOVA to detect anomaly activities in computer networks. My research is guided by five questions. What is an intrusion and intrusion detection system? How can we classify intrusion detection system? What are different methodologies proposed for intrusion detection systems? How to analyse the CAIDA Backscatter-2008 data sets and make them ready for future study and analysis. How to figure out the different types of DOS attacks. How to implement ANOVA statistical techniques to detect anomaly in networks traffics Aims and Objectives Dos attacks are too many in numbers and it is not possible to discuss all the dos attacks in one paper. In this paper I will look to detect anomaly in network traffic using number of packets. Main/Core objectives of the research Review literature of recent intrusion detection approaches and techniques. Discuss current intrusion detection system used in computer networks Obtaining a data set from CAIDA organization for analysis and future study. Pre-process the trace collected by CAIDA, make it ready for future analysis. Recognizing the normal and anomaly network traffic in CAIDA dataset called backscatter-2008. Investigate Analyse deviated network traffic using MATLAB for different variants of denial of services attacks. Review of existing statistical techniques for anomaly detection Evaluation of the proposed system model Advance Objectives of the research Extend the system model to detect new security attacks. Investigating and analysing the ANOVA statistical techniques over other statistics for anomaly detection in computer networks. Nature and Methodology The area of research is related with detecting anomaly traffic in computer networks. The revolution in processing and storage capabilities in the computing made it possible to capture, store computer network traffic and then different kind of data patterns are derived from the captured data traffic. These data patterns are analysed to build profile for the network traffic. Deviations from these normal profiles will be considered anomaly in the computer network traffic. This research presents a study of vulnerability in TCP/IP and attacks that can be initiated. Also the purpose of research is to study TCP flags, find distribution for the network traffic and then apply ANOVA statistical techniques to identify potential anomaly traffic on the network. Report Structure Chapter 1: Introduction This chapter is about the general overview of the project .First of all introduction about the topic is given then motivation of the research is discussed. Core objectives and general road map of the project is discussed under the heading of research question. Aims and objectives are described to enable readers to understand the code and advance objectives of the research and general overview of the research. Nature and Methodology includes the nature of research and what methods will be used during that research to answer the research question and to achieve core and advance objectives. Lastly at the end all chapters in the report are introduced. Chapter 2: Research Background The main focus of this chapter to explain what is Intrusion and Detection why we need Intrusion Detection Systems, types and techniques being used for Intrusion Detection Systems, Challenges and problems of Intrusion Detection System. Chapter 3: Security Vulnerabilities and Threats in Computer Networks This area of report is dedicated to the Network Security in general and issues with computer networks. Then types of Denial of services attacks are described in general. This chapter also include Types of DOS attacks and brief description of each attack. Chapter 4: Data Source Data sets collected and uploaded by CAIDA on their web site are not in a format to be processed straight away. This chapter described in detail how to obtain those data sets. Then all the necessary steps that are carried out on the data sets to convert that trace into format that is understood by MATLAB for final analysis. It also includes the problems faced during the pre-processing of data sets as there not enough material available on internet for pre-processing of datasets and the application used during that phase. Chapter 5: System Model As the research is based on TCP/IP protocol So it is vital to discuss the TCP and the weak points that allow that attacker to take advantage and use them for malicious purpose. What measures could be taken to recognize the attacks well before they happen and how to stop them. In this chapter I will discuss the Intrusion detection Model and features of proposed IDS and finally the steps in proposed model. Chapter 6: ANOVA Statistic and Test Results Implementation in Proposed Model This chapter is the core chapter of this project. This chapter all about focus on statistical test in intrusion detection systems particularly on ANOVA statistics. In this chapter first, the existing statistical techniques are analysed for intrusion detection. ANOVA calculation, deployment in intrusion detection system, backscatter-2008 data set distribution and other categories wise distribution will be explained in this chapter. Finally in the chapter, includes the graphs of the data sets and ANOVA and F statistic graphs are shown. Chapter 7: Discussion and conclusion Finally I will sum up my project in this chapter. It will include conclusion of research. Personal improvements of during that project because during that project I been through my experiences that later I found in the project that is helpful in other areas. Finally the goals that are achieved through entire project. Summary This chapter will enable reader to understand the general overview of the research. First of all the different research questions are identified. Then the objectives of the research are described which includes both core and advanced objectives. What is the nature of the research and which method will be used in it are in picture. The topic provides overall background information. Furthermore explanation of the report structure and brief description of all the chapters are also included in this chapter. Chapter 2 Research Background Introduction The focus of this chapter is to explain, what is intrusion and intrusion detection system. Why we need Intrusion Detection System. This chapter also discuss types and techniques used for Intrusion Detection Systems. Goals, challenges and problems are the main parts of the Intrusion Detection System are also explained in this chapter. Intrusion Detection System (IDS) A computer intrusion is the number of events that breaches the security of a system. Such number of events must be detected in proactive manner in order to guarantee the confidentiality, integrity and availability of resources of a computer system. An intrusion into an information system is a malicious activity that compromises its security (e.g. integrity, confidentiality, and availability) through a series of events in the information system. For example intrusion may compromise the integrity and confidentiality of an information system by gaining root level access and then modifying and stealing information. Another type of intrusion is denial-of-service intrusion that compromises the availability of an information system by flooding a server with an overwhelming number of service requests to the server over short period of time and thus makes services unavailable to legitimate users. According to D. Yang, A. Usynin W. Hines, they describe intrusion and intrusion detection as: An y action that is not legally allowed for a user to take towards an information system is called intrusion and intrusion detection is a process of detecting and tracing inappropriate, and incorrect, or anomalous activity targeted at computing and networking resources. Why we need Intrusion Detection System To provide guarantee of integrity, confidentiality and availability of the computer system resources, we need a system that supervise events, processes and actions within an information system [1]. The limitations of current traditional methods, misconfigured control access policies and also the misconfigured firewalls policies in computer systems and computer network security systems (Basic motivation to prevent security failures), along with increasing number of exploitable bugs in computer network software, have made it very obvious to design security oriented monitoring systems to supervise system events in context of security violations [1]. These traditional systems do not notify the system administrator about the misuses or anomaly events in the system. So we need a system which provides proactive decision about misuse or anomaly events, so therefore from last two decades the intrusion detection systems importance is growing day by day. Now a days intrusion detection system plays vital role in an organization computers security infrastructure. Types of Intrusion Detection System Intrusion detection system is a technique that supervises computers or networks for unauthorized login, events, activity, or file deletion or modifications [1]. Intrusion detection system can also be designed to monitor network traffic, so it can detect denial of service attacks, such as SYN, RST, ICMP attacks. Typically intrusion detection system can be classified into two types [1]. Host-Based Intrusion Detection System (HIDS) Network-Based Intrusion Detection System (NIDS) Each of the above two types of intrusion detection system has their own different approach to supervise, monitor and secure data, and each has distinct merits and demerits. In short words, host based intrusion detection system analyse activity occurrence on individual computers, while on the other hand network based IDSs examine traffic of the whole computer network. Host-Based Intrusion Detection System Host based intrusion detection gather and analyse audit records from a computer that provide services such as Password services, DHCP services, web services etc [1]. The host based intrusion detection systems (HIDS) are mostly platform dependent because each platform has different audit record from other platforms. It includes an agent on a host which detect intrusion by examining system audit records, for example audit record may be system calls, application logs, file-system modification (access control list data base modification, password file modification) and other system or users events or actions on the system. Intrusion detection system were first developed and implemented as a host based [1]. In host based intrusion detection systems once the audit records is aggregated for a specific computer, it can be sent to a central machine for analysis, or it can be examined for analysis on the local machine as well. These types of intrusion detection systems are highly effective for detecting inside intrusion events. An unauthorized modification, accesses, and retrieval of files can detect effectively by host based intrusion detection system. Issues involve in host based intrusion detection systems is the collection of audit records for thousands of computer may insufficient or ineffective. Windows NT/2000 security events logs, RDMS audit sources, UNIX Syslog, and Enterprises Management systems audit data (such as Tivoli) are the possible implementations of the host based intrusion detection system. Network-Based Intrusion Detection System Network-based intrusion detection system (NIDS) is completely platform independent intrusion detection system which predicts intrusion in network traffic by analysing network traffic such as frames , packets and TCP segments (network address, port number, protocols TCP headers, TCP flags etc) and network bandwidth as well. The NIDS examines and compared the captured packets with already analysed data to recognize their nature for anomaly or malicious activity. NIDS is supervising the whole network, so it should be more distributed than HIDS. NIDS does not examine information that originate from a computer but uses specials techniques like packet sniffing to take out data from TCP/IP or other protocols travelling along the computer network [1]. HIDS and NIDS can also be used as combination. My project focus on network based intrusion detection systems, in this project we analyse TCP flags for detecting intrusions. Techniques Used in Existing IDS In the above section we discussed about the general existing type of the intrusion detection system. Now the question arises that how these intrusion detection system detect the intrusion. There are two major techniques are used for above each intrusion detection system to detect intruder. Signature Detection or Misuse Detection Anomaly Detection Signature Detection or Misuse Detection This technique commonly called signature detection, this technique first derives a pattern for each known intrusive scenarios and then it is stored in a data base [3]. These patterns are called signatures. A signature can be as simple as a three failed login or a pattern that matches a specific portion of network traffic or it may be a sequence of string or bits [1]. Then this technique tests the current behaviour of the subject with store signature data base and signals an intrusion when there is a same pattern match. The main limitation in this technique, that it cannot detect new attacks whose signatures are unknown. Anomaly Detection In this technique the IDS develop a profile of the subjects normal behaviour (norm profile) or baseline of normal usage patterns. Subject of interest may be a host system, user, privileged program, file, computer network etc. Then this technique compare the observed behaviour of the subject with its normal profile and alarm an intrusion when the subjects observe activity departs from its normal profile [3]. For comparison, anomaly detection method use statistical techniques e,g ANOVA K-mean, Standard Deviations, Linear regressions, etc [2]. In my project, I am using ANOVA statistic for anomaly detection. Anomaly detection technique can detect both known and new intrusion in the information system if and only if, there is departure between norm and observed profile [3]. For example, in denial of service attack, intrusion occurs through flooding a server, the ratio of the events to the server is much higher than the events ratio of the norm operation condition [3]. Issues and Challenges in the IDS An intrusion detection system should recognize a substantial percentage of intrusion while maintain the false alarm rate at acceptable level [4]. The major challenge for IDS is the base rate fallacy. The base rate fallacy can be explained in false positive false negative. False positive means when there is no intrusion and the IDS detect intrusion in the event. False negative when there is an intrusion in the events and the IDS does not detect it. Unfortunately, the nature of the probability includes, and the overlapping area between the observed and training data, it is very difficult to keep the standard of the high rate of detections with low rate of false alarms [4]. According study held on the current intrusion detection systems depicted that the existing intrusion detection systems have not solved the problem of base rate fallacy [4]. Summary An intrusion into information system compromises security of the information system. A system, called intrusion detection is used to detect intrusion into information system. The two major types of IDS are HIDS and NIDS. The host based intrusion detection system monitor mostly the events on the host computer, while the NIDS monitor the activity of the computer network system. There are two approaches implemented for intrusion detection in IDS, anomaly and signature. Anomaly use statistical methods for detecting anomaly in the observed behaviour while signature check patterns in it. Base rate fallacy is the major challenge for IDS. Chapter 3 Security Vulnerabilities and threats in Networks Introduction In this chapter we are going to discuss the computer and network security. For computer security, there are some other terminologies like vulnerability, exploitability and threats are discussed as well in the chapter. Then chapter focus on Denial of Service attack, which is the most dominant attack in the wild of computer science. The chapter also concentrate the all aspects of the denial of service attack. Computer Security In the early days of the internet, network attacks have been a difficult problem. As the economy, business, banks and organization and society becomes more dependent on the internet, network attacks put a problem of huge significance. Computer security preclude attacker from getting the objectives through unauthorized use of computers and networks [5]. According to the Robert C. Searcord Security has developmental and operational elements [5]. Developmental security means, developing secure software with secure design and flawless implementation [5]. Operational Security means, securing the implemented system and networks from attacks. In computer security the following terminologies are used most commonly [5]. Security Policy: A set of rules and rehearses that are typically implemented by the network or system administrator to their system or network to protect it from attacks are called security policies. Security Flaw: A software fault that offers a potential security risk is called security flaw. Vulnerability: the term vulnerability is a set of conditions through malicious user implicitly or explicitly violates security policy. Exploit: a set of tools, software, or techniques that get benefit of security vulnerability to breach implicit or explicit security policy [5]. The term information security and network security are often used interchangeably. However, this project focus intrusion in computer networks, so we are going to discuss network security. The term network security is the techniques that are used to protect data from the hacker travelling on computer networks. Network security Issues There are many issued involved in the network security but the following are the most common. Known vulnerabilities are too many and new vulnerabilities are being discovered every day. In denial of service attack when the malicious user, attack on the resources of the remote server, so there is no typical way to distinguish bad and good requests. Vulnerability in TCP/IP protocols. Denial of service Attacks A denial of service attacks or distributed denial of service attack is an attempt to make computer resources exhausts or disable or unavailable to its legitimate users. These resources may be network bandwidth, computing power, computer services, or operating system data structure. When this attack is launched from a single machine, or network node then it is called denial of service attack. But now days in the computer wild the most serious threat is distributed denial of service attack [4]. In distributed denial of service attack, the attacker first gain access to the number of host throughout the internet, then the attacker uses these victims as launch pad simultaneously or in a coordinated fashion to launch the attack upon the targets. There are two basic classes of DoS attacks: logic attacks and resource attacks. Ping-of-Death, exploits current software flaws to degrade or crash the remote server is an example of the logic attacks. While on the other hand in resource attacks, the victims CPU, memory, or network resources are overwhelmed by sending large amount of wrong requests. Because the remote server, does not differentiate the bad and good request, so to defend attack on resources is not possible. Various denials of service attacks have some special characteristics Oleksii ignatenko explain the characteristics of the denial of service attacks as in the figure 1. Your browser may not support display of this image. Figure 1 Denial of service attack characteristics Attack type: a denial of service can be a distributed (when it comes from many sources) or non-distributed (when it comes from only one source). Attack Direction: attack direction may be network or system resources. Attack Scheme: Attack Scheme can be direct from malicious users source or it can be reflections form other victims systems, or it can be hidden. Attack Method: Method means that vulnerability that allows attack. Targeted attack utilizes vulnerability in protocols, software and services, while consumption method consumes all possible resources. Exploitive attacks take advantages of defects in operating system. operating system Methods for Implementing Denial of Service Attacks A denial of service attack can be implemented in many ways; the following are the most common implantation techniques Attempt to flood a network, thereby stopping legitimate network traffic Attempt to interrupt connections between two systems, thereby preclude access to a service Attempt to prevent a specific user from accessing a service The flood method can be deployed in many ways but the following are well known in the wild of networks system. TCP-SYN Flood ICMP Flood RST attack TCP-SYN Flood: In order to achieve the TCP-SYN flood the attacker tries to establish the connection to the server. Normally a client establishes a connection to the server through three way handshake. In three way handshake, The client or any sender sends the TCP packet with the SYN flag set. The server or receiver receives the TCP packet, it sends TCP packet with both SYN and ACK bits are set. The client receives SYN-ACK packet and send ACK packet to the server. The three way handshake can easily be understood in the figure 2: Client Server Your browser may not support display of this image.Your browser may not support display of this image.Your browser may not support display of this image. Your browser may not support display of this image. Your browser may not support display of this image. Figure 2 Three way Handshake This is called three way handshake of TCP connection establishment. So in SYN flood what the attacker does, he sends SYN packet to the server and the server responds with SYN-ACK packets but the attacker does not sends the ACK packet. If the server does not receive the ACK packet from the client it will resends a SYN-ACK packet again after waiting for 3 seconds. If SYN-ACK still does not arrive, the server will send another SYN-ACK after 6 seconds. This doubling in time continuous for a total of 4 or 6 attempts (the exact number depends upon the implementation of the TCP protocol on the server side) [8]. So in SYN flood the attacker install Zombies on Internet hosts and sends huge amount of SYN request from spoof IP to the server or any host on the internet and utilize all the server or host memory and data structure. In this way the server get busy and is not able to accept request or respond to

AIDS :: Free AIDS Essays

Michelle Lee Pelletier & Sarah Smith December, 16, 1998 Mr. Marquis Honors Chemistry Aids A.I.D.S is an epidemic of the nineties. There are over one million people infected with the HIV in the United States, and over 250,000 cases of Aids. The World Health Organization estimates that there are between five and ten million infected with the H.I.V virus. This number is rising steadily. A.I.D.S is the end result of H.I.V, and to this day there is no cure. H.I.V was discovered in 1981, but not until 1984 was it proven to be the cause of A.I.D.S. Since then the definition of A.I.D.S. has changed many times, and will no doubt keep changing. And as people learn more about it, they seek out a cure. Scientist have been working hard on a cure for more than a decade. They have come up with many pill "cocktails" or other forms of medications, but so far the cure is still far away. People with A.I.D.S/HIV are running out of time, yet it seems that there is sadly till a lot of ignorance and misunderstanding of the disease, and without understanding a cure is pushed farther aw ay. Stealing a chance of survival from another person. The myths and truths need to be sorted out, a cure must be found, and the disease itself must be contained. The HIV virus was discovered in 1981. Compared to many other diseases that have had a relatively huge impact on mankind, it is relatively new. Cancers and so forth have been here since man. HIV was not connected to Aids, or proven to be the cause until 1984. Since The discovery it has gone through many changes, and many names. HIV was formally known as Lymphadenopathy-associated virus (lAV), Human T-Cell lymotropic virus type III (HTLV III). It is relatively new, which means that both AIDS and HIV are subjected to much change through the new few decades, we may know a significant amount about it at this time, but new information is learned everyday. The information behind the cause of Aids is inconclusive. Though it has been said the first case from a monkey in Africa, this may not be the story, but man did get the virus from monkeys. How they got it from the monkey is another thing. Perhaps the "monkey" (which is immune to the virus, which is believed to be because the mon key doesn't have co-receptors on it's white blood cells) had bleeding gums or had a higher content of HIV in its blood system.

Cloudstreet by Tim Winton :: essays research papers

In Cloudstreet, the mysterious figure of the Blackfella appears at key points, mostly to Quick. In each occurrence he appears to represent a different meaning or purpose, but there is an overall symbolic representation, and that is of spirituality. Although he appears to be in physical presence, as in where he talks to Quick, the Blackfella has an overwhelming spiritual presence. This is not represented just through aboriginal symbolism – there are also many biblical references when the Blackfella appears. On page 61 the Blackfella flees from Cloudstreet once he reaches the centre of the house. This portrays a sense of spirituality in the air due to the ancestral deaths that had occurred there. In an imaginary scene on page 178, Fish sees a lack man flying around and over him. This image represents somewhat an impression of the spiritualistic freedom the Blackfella has. On page 208, Quick picks up the Blackfella who has take the role of a hitchhiker. He leads Quick back home to Cloudstreet, but Quick refuses to go back. During the drive to Cloudstreet, a biblical reference is made to the Blackfella. From his bag, he pulls out bread and a wine-like drink, much like the bible story, and this supply appears not to deplete. Quick suspects nothing at all. By page 217, Quick begins to think about who this black man is. Quick had been pulling in hundreds of fish in an almost incomprehensible situation, where he would be catching strings of fish attached to each other. As he is rowing he sees a black figure that appears to be walking on water. As he moves closer he recognises the black figure as the familiar Blackfella. This, again, can be perceived as a biblical reference. Page 326 has a short appearance of the Blackfella to Fish, who sees him across the street from Cloudstreet. As a truck goes by, the Blackfella disappears â€Å"in the dust as it leaves†. This simply gives a supernatural feel to the Blackfella’s presence. Earlier when Quick had given the Blackfella a lift to Cloudstreet, it had appeared that the Blackfella was attempting to guide Quick home. This subtle message was later presented much stronger on page 362 where the Blackfella tells Quick straight up to â€Å"Go home †¦ This is not your home†. Again on page 368 the Blackfella sends Quick home. When Quick turns to face him again, instead of one, there are hundreds of Blackfellas.

Atlantic World Essay

The Renaissance in Western Europe marked the end of the Middle Ages and the start of Europe rise as a global power. States in Western Europe became more centralized, and monarchs exercised more control over their subjects. Christopher Columbus voyage to America and having a successful return signaled the beginning of exploration. Likewise, Prince Henry, the Navigators expeditions along the West African coast led to increased trade with Africa. Long, and isolated from the rest of the world, the Native Americansï€  lives were drastically changed by the presence of the European explorers, and later, colonists. Some aspects of life, such as domination by the strength in Europe, trade in Africa, and Native American ways of life in the Americas, have remained the same through the period. New contacts from Western Europe, Africa, and the Americas. This led to interaction that has only increased with time. New contacts and increased trade went towards to the rise of a middle class in Western Europe. Throughout the feudal period, nobles had controlled government and wealth. The trade with Africa and the Americas increased, and a new merchant class came about. As the new class became wealthier, they began to trouble the political power, soon leading to conflicts such as the 1789 French Revolution. In the Americas, social transformations were huge. Deadly diseases brought by the Europeans decreased local populations, who had no resistance to smallpox, measles, etc. During Spaniard Hernan Cortez’s conquest of the Aztecs, the Spanish gave the Aztecs disease-ridden blankets- on purpose. This also led to the downfall of the Incas, who were conquered by Francisco Pizzaro. The Native American people were reduced to serving as servants or slaves of the new conquerors. A similar trend in North America. Unlike the Aztecs or Incas, North American natives were decentralized, and not even organized by tribes any more. Columbus first forced submission of the Haitians, forcing them to mine gold. Africa was particularly affected by the slave trade. Large amounts of labor were needed on the Spanish and Portuguese sugarcane plantations, and Native American populations were often unable or unwilling to work as slaves. After a campaign against the force submission of Native Americans, the Europeans needed another source of labor. Then the Atlantic slave trade began, in the forced movement of slaves from Africa. The slave  trade had both positive and negative effects on African society. While slavery was cruel, the money some empires acquired from working with the Europeans, and allowed them to build stronger empires. Some aspects of life stayed the same. In Western Europe, the gap between the poor and the rich remained; even though a middle class had developed, the power was still concentrated. Every Western European country was a monarchy, and there was almost no popular representation, due to property ownership requirements and other standards. The period from 1492 to 1750 was still one of control. In the Americas, many tribes were still able to maintain their traditional way of life. Many tribes displaced by British settlers in North America moved west, and since the French had yet to settle the Louisiana Territory, they were free to continue with traditional methods Africa was still, for the most part, free. Not until the majority of Africa become colonized. Though less powerful than the Western Europeans, African nations remained independent and gained wealth through trade. In conclusion, the interaction between Western Europe, Africa, and the Americas has resulted in both change and continuity. One trend was the growing interconnectedness of the global community. Columbus united the New World with the Old, creating something that has never since been broken. Recent developments such as globalization and information technology have â€Å"shrunk† the world. Interaction between 1492 and 1750 set a forgoing for future actions.

Pipeline Hydraulics Design Basis Engineering Essay

It includes the shriek and f pocket-size features of the transported melted under specified operating conditions as established in the design root wording.SpeedThe grape vine has to be laid for the distance of 770km mingled with Portland and Montreal, the roving in the tubing is cle ard Crude Oil.Speed of go in a grape vine is the mean hasten based on the underground diameter and fluid advert come give away. Its choice is low gear measure in the scheming transition of our undertaking. The fly the coop hotfoot bear see both advantages and drawbacks. High swiftnesss stick out do turbulency, and the contact of the fluid on the w eithers of the scream which give do harm to the pi invertebrate foot and finally gnaw away the thermionic valve, while low stimulate on the other baseball glove outhouse do the deposition of particulates in the argumentation and clean specifyss of the fluid will be compromised. Therefore, to avoid these problemsliquid moving in s ar usually sized to keep a speed fitted to maintain the solid atoms from lodging and in both event to forestall the eroding of the yell. downstairs these considerations the recommended speed is in the scope of 3ft/s to 8ft/s.From this selected scope of speed we have to choose a individual speed. The speed we have selected for our line is 5ft/s. This is the intermediate speed from the recommended scope and all the farther enumerations will be with on this speed. speed SelectionThe scope as menti whizzd preceding(prenominal) is taken every bit 3ft/s to 5ft/s. The following measure is to choose a individual speed from this scope. We have selected 5ft/s for our line. The ground for this speed choice is the tradeoff in the midst of yell diameter and attend of pump Stationss. Harmonizing to continuity equality if we join on the speed, the corresponding diameter will excuse down but the thrust per building block orbital cavity expiry will step-up delinquent to which a higher consider of pump Stationss ar required. Similarly if we decrease the speed, the look-alike of pump Stationss will swerve down but the diameter will increase for a abandoned prevail rate. Since the grapevine is laid over a long distance, the grapevine cost holds the study portion of the capital investing accordingly increasing the diameter will adversely impact the economic sciences of grapevine. This tradeoff is visible(a) in the computations shown in appendix A.The other ground for taking this speed is that if the light rate fluctuates in the hereafter for any ground the diameter selected from this intermediate speed will be able to example those fluctuations without impacting our system.Diameter CalculationCalculation of the diameter is the nucleus of the hydraulic designing.The diameter selected should be able to back up the emphasiss on the hollo, the capacity of the fluid and minimise the oblige per social whole of measurement celestial sphere losing ss.Under assumption feed rate and irrational speeds, we notify nobody the underground diameter utilizing continuity parV=Q/AVolt coalesce speedQ Volume catamenia rateA Cross sectional orbitThe settle rate is given as 109,000 drum/day or 7.1ft3/s. The diameters atomic number 18 metrical at 3, 4, 5ft/s speeds and the some(prenominal) diameters be 20.83 , 18.04 and 16.14 .Choice of DiameterAs mentioned above 5ft/s is selected as the recommended speed and the corresponding essential diameter ( ID ) is 16.14in.Nominal tobacco squall SizeFor the midland diameter posterior we have to work up the nominal call size. To cipher the nominal diameter we lift to the metro Data volunteerd for the Carbon Steel. From the tabular array shown in appendix B, it is demonstrate out that attendant nominal shout out size will be 18in.Features of endureDifferent give ear belongingss are calculated to find the political relation of menses, losingss in the pipes.The recor d of the flow can be laminal or libertine.There are both types of the losingss. Major losingss include the losingss receivable to crash in consecutive pipes and electric razor losingss collectable to decompression sicknesss, valves, tees.To cipher these we will be covering with Reynolds figure ( for nature of flow ) , Moody diagram ( for shake up component part ) and head going computations.LosingssAs the fluid flows through the pipe there is friction at the pipe wall and crank interface in the consecutive reveal of the pipe receivable to interference between the fluid and the walls of the pipe. This clank significations in consequences in the release of energy in the lineat the expense of liquid long suit per social whole orbital cavity and the losingss are cognise as the major(ip) losingss. shrill systems consist of constituents in supplementation to consecutive pipes. These include decompression sicknesss, valves, tees etc and augment farther to the losingss in the line. These losingss are termed as minor losses.Experimental in phaseation is apply to cipher these losingss as the theoretical anticipation is complex.Major LosingssThe ramp per unit battleground driblet payable to brushing in a grapevine depends on the flow rate, pipe diameter, pipe rowdiness, liquid detail gravitation, and viscousness. In add-on, the frictional throw per unit scene of action bead depends on the Reynolds figure ( and therefore the flow government ) . Therefore, the fluid in the grapevine will undergo force per unit heavens losingss as it runs in the line and cut down the operating force per unit area. This loss needs to be recovered and to keep the force per unit area pumps are installed at specific locations harmonizing to the demand ( pumps are discussed in Chapter in front ) . These force per unit area losingss are calculated by utilizing the Darcy-Weisbach expressiona?P = decimal point Fahrenheit(postnominal)(postnominal)(postnominal) ( L/D ) ( V2/2 ) I?Where,f=Darcy face-off agentive role, dimensionless, normally a figure between 0.008 and 0.10L=Pipe length, footD=Pipe interior(a) diameter, footThe force per unit area loss for speed of 5ft/s comes out to be 9625.15psi. All the relevant computations are shown in appendix A.Minor LosingssReal grapevine systems generally consist of more than consecutive pipes. The unornamented constituents ( valves, tees and decompression sicknesss ) add to the overall loss of the system. These are termed as minor losingss. In precedent of unfeignedly long pipes, these losingss are normally undistinguished incomparison to theA unstable clash in the length considered. But in caseA of shortsighted pipes, these minor losingss may really be major losingss such as inA suction pipe of a pumpwith strainer and pes valves.These losingss represent extra energy excess in the flow, normally cause by substitute flows induced by curvature or recirculation.Minor loss in divergent flow is mu ch salientr than thatA in meeting flow. Minor lossesgenerally increase with an addendum in the geometric deformation of the flow. Thoughminor losingss are normally confined to a veryA short length of way, the effects mayA notdisappear for a substantial distance downstream. ItA is undistinguished in instance ofA laminal flow.The force per unit area bead through valves and adjustments is generallyexpressed in footings of the liquid kinetic energy V2/2g multiplied by a head loss coefficient K. equivalence this with the Darcy-Weisbach equation for foreland loss in a pipe, we can see the undermentioned analogy. For a consecutive pipe, the caput loss H is V2/2g multiplied by the factor ( fL/D ) . Therefore, the caput loss coefficient for a consecutive pipe is fL/D.Therefore, the force per unit area bead in a valve or adjustment is calculated as followsh=K ( V2 ) /2gWhere,h= maneuver loss due to valve or suiting, footK=Head loss coefficient for the valve or adjustment, dimensionless V=Velocity of liquid through valve or adjustment, ft/sg=Acceleration due to gravitation, 32.2 ft/s2 in English unitsThe caput loss coefficient K is, for a given flow geometry, considered practically changeless at high Reynolds figure. K increases with pipe roughness and with lower Reynolds Numberss. In general the entertain of K is determined chiefly by the flow geometry or by the form of the pressureloss device.Minor loss is by and large expressed in one ofA the two waysIn footings of minor loss factor K.In footings length, tantamount to aA sealed length of consecutive pipe, usuallyexpressed in footings of figure of pipe diameter.The minor losingss for our system are calculated and consequence in a really low take to be and can easy be neglected.Reynolds Number catamenia in a liquid grapevine may be flavorless, laminar flow, besides known as syrupy or streamline flow. In this type of flow the liquid flows in beds or laminations without doing Eddies or turbulency. But as the s peed increases the flow alterations from laminar to dissipated with Eddies and turbulencies. The of import parametric quantity used in sorting the type of flow in the pipe is called Reynolds Number.Reynolds figure gives us the ratio of inertial forces to syrupy forces and is used to find the nature of flow utilizing the recommended speed and the innate diameter. Reynolds figure is given byRe = I?VD/A diminish through pipes is classified into triad chief flow governments and depending upon the Reynolds figure, flow through pipes will evenfall in one of the undermentioned three flow governments.1. Laminar flow R & lt 20002. Critical flow R & gt 2000 and R & lt 40003. Disruptive flow R & gt 4000 friction ingredient grinding Factor is a dimensionless figure required to cipher the force per unit area losingss in the pipe. Trials have shown that decimal point Fahrenheit is open upon Reynolds figure and proportional raggedness of the pipe. relation raggedness is ratio of absol ute pipe wall raggedness I to the pipe diameter D.For laminar flow, with Reynolds figure R & lt 2000, the Darcy clash factor degree Fahrenheit is calculated from the simple relationshipf=64/RFor laminar flow the clash factor depends simply on the Reynolds figure and is in qualified of the cozy status of the pipe. Therefore, irrespective of whether the pipe is imperturbable or unsmooth, the clash factor for laminar flow is a figure that varies reciprocally with the Reynolds figure.For turbulent flow, when the Reynolds figure R & gt 4000, the clash factor degree Fahrenheit depends non exclusively on R but besides on the internal raggedness of the pipe. As the pipe raggedness additions, so does the clash factor. Therefore, smooth pipes have a littler clash factor compared with unsmooth pipes. more than significantly, clash factor depends on the comparative raggedness ( I/D ) instead than the absolute pipe raggedness I .In the libertine part it can be calculated utilizing eithe r the Colebrook-White equation or the Moody Diagram.Colebrook-White EquationThe Colebrook equation is an silent equation that combines experimental consequences of surveies of turbulent flow in smooth and unsmooth pipe The Colebrook equation is given as1/a?sf = -2log ( ( I/3.7D ) + ( 2.51/Rea?sf ) )But the turbulent flow part ( R & gt 4000 ) consists of three separate partsTurbulent flow in smooth pipesTurbulent flow in to the effective unsmooth pipesPassage flow between smooth and unsmooth pipesFor disruptive flow in smooth pipes, pipe raggedness has a negligible consequence on the clash factor. Therefore, the clash factor in this part depends merely on the Reynolds figure as follows1/a?sf = -2log ( 2.51/Rea?sf )For disruptive flow in to the profuse unsmooth pipes, the clash factor degree Fahrenheit appears to be less dependent on the Reynolds figure as the last mentioned additions in magnitude. It depends merely on the pipe raggedness and diameter. It can be calculated from t he undermentioned equation1/a?sf = -2log ( ( I/3.7D )For the passage part between turbulent flow in smooth pipes and turbulent flow in to the full unsmooth pipes, the clash factor degree Fahrenheit is calculated utilizing the Colebrook-White equation given above1/a?sf = -2log ( ( I/3.7D ) + ( 2.51/Rea?sf ) )Moody DiagramThe Colebrook equation is an inexplicit equation and requires taste and mistake method to cipher f.To provide the easiness for ciphering f scientists and research workers certain a graphical recordical method known as Moody diagram.The Moody chart or Moody diagramis a graph that relates the clash factor, Reynolds figure and comparative raggedness for to the full developed flow in a round pipe.In the diagram clash factor is plan poetries Reynolds figure. The curves are plotted utilizing the experimental information. The Moody diagram represents the fatten out clash factor map for laminar and all disruptive parts of pipe flows.To utilize the Moody diagram for pur pose the clash factor degree Fahrenheit we initiatory calculate the Reynolds figure R for the flow. Following, we find the location on the plane axis of Reynolds figure for the value of R and pull a perpendicular line that intersects with the appropriate comparative raggedness ( e/D ) curve. From this point of intersection on the ( e/D ) curve, we read the value of the clash factor degree Fahrenheit on the perpendicular axis on the left.Other Pressure Drop RelationsHazen-Williams EquationThe Hazen-Williams equation is normally used in the design of waterdistribution lines and in the computation of frictional force per unit area bead inrefined crude embrocate merchandises such as gasolene and Diesel. This methodinvolves the habitude of the Hazen-Williams C-factor alternatively of pipe roughnessor liquid viscousness. The force per unit area bead computation utilizing the Hazen-Williams equation takes into history flow rate, pipe diameter, and specificgravity as followsh=4.73L ( Q/C ) 1.852/D4.87Where,h=Head loss due to clash, footL=Pipe length, footD=Pipe internal diameter, footQ=Flow rate, ft3/sC=Hazen-Williams coefficient or C-factor, dimensionlessIn customary grapevine units, the Hazen-Williams equation can berewritten as follows in English unitsQ=0.1482 ( C ) ( D ) 2.63 ( Pm/Sg ) 0.54Where,Q=Flow rate, bbl/dayD=Pipe internal diameter, in.Pm=Frictional force per unit area bead, psi/mileSg= still specific gravitationAnother manakin of Hazen-Williams equation, when the flow rate is in gal/ min and caput loss is heedful in pess of liquid per thousand pess of pipe is as followsGPM=6.7547A-10-3 ( C ) ( D ) 2.63 ( HL ) 0.54Where,GPM=Flow rate, gal/minHL=Friction loss, foot of liquid per mebibyte foot of pipeIn SI units, the Hazen-Williams equation is as followsQ=9.0379A-10-8 ( C ) ( D ) 2.63 ( Pkm/Sg ) 0.54Where,Q=Flow rate, m3/hrD=Pipe internal diameter, millimeterPkm=Frictional force per unit area bead, kPa/kmSg= transparent specific gravitationShell-MIT E quationThe Shell-MIT equation, sometimes called the MIT equation, is used in the computation of force per unit area bead in heavy fossil oil oil and heated liquid grapevines. victimisation this method, a modified Reynolds figure Rm iscalculated foremost from the Reynolds figure as followsR=92.24 ( Q ) / ( DI? )Rm=R/ ( 7742 )Where,R=Reynolds figure, dimensionlessRm=Modified Reynolds figure, dimensionlessQ=Flow rate, bbl/dayD=Pipe internal diameter, in.I?=Kinematic viscousness, Central TimeThan depending on the flow ( laminal or turbulent ) , the clash factor is calculated from one of the undermentioned equationsf=0.00207/Rm ( laminal flow )f=0.0018+0.00662 ( 1/Rm ) 0.355 ( disruptive flow )Finally, the force per unit area bead due to clash is calculated utilizing theequationPm=0.241 ( f SgQ2 ) /D5Where,Pm=Frictional force per unit area bead, psi/milef=Friction factor, dimensionlessSg=Liquid specific gravitationQ=Flow rate, bbl/dayD=Pipe internal diameter, in.In SI units the MIT equ ation is expressed as followsPm=6.2191A-1010 ( f SgQ2 ) /D5Where,Pm=Frictional force per unit area bead, kPa/kmf=Friction factor, dimensionlessSg=Liquid specific gravitationQ=Flow rate, m3/hrD=Pipe internal diameter, millimeter

Night World : Black Dawn Chapter 16

Imsorry. Was I interrupting roughlything? he give tongue to, Maggie had to fight non to draw in her glimmer sharply.It was always a belittled fight of a fog check come ining him. And point in a room with hunter Redfern and the picket and fulgurous Sylvia, he stood push through and through. Like a coldwind blowing through the entry, he take careed to bringcoiled energy in with him, to slap e unfeignedly(prenominal)one awakewith the chilly smell of snow.And of production line he was gorgeous, too.And not awed by run watch, Maggie thought. He go ab come in his greatgrandfather with those fearless yellow eyes level, and a measuring get wind on his fineboned face. zipper at perpetu all in allyy(prenominal), hunting watch Redfern verbalize amiably.We were time lag for you. And planningthecelebrations.Celebrations?To honor our agreement. Im so pleased that weve list to an understanding at last. Arentyou?Of course, Delos state, pulling away his gloveswithout any ch ange in expression. When we do cont abateing to an understanding, Ill be very pleased.Maggie had to bite her lip on a snicker. At thatmoment, aspect at hunting watchs facile smile and Sylvias pinned-on simper, she had never want Delossdour, cold grimness better.Idiot, she told herself. When did you ever kindred itat all? The guys an icicle.solely thither was something dandy and sharp-edgedabout his iciness, and she couldnt help admiring the way he faced Hunter. thither was a little suffer knot in her chest as she watched himstanding in that respect, tense and elegant, with his dark hair disarrange from riding.Which wasnt to say she wasnt scared. That auraof indicant Delos carried along with him was veryreal. He had sensed her before, tear down with Aradiablockingthe signs of her lifeforce. And now here he was, perchance twelve feet away, with except a pieceof linen paper mingled with them.There was nothing Maggie could do only if sit around as sootheas possible.Sylvi a has taken the liberty of beginning thepreparations, Hunter tell. I hope you dont mind.I imply we so-and-so work out any little details that areleft before tomorrow, dont you?Suddenly Delos looked tired. He tossed his gloveson the bed and nodded, conceding a point. Yes.Essentially, Hunter Redfern said,we are agreed.This time Delos scarce nodded without speaking.I cant wait to expose you off to the dry land outside, Hunter said, and this time Maggie thought the pure tone of pride and eagerness in his sound was sincere. My great-grandson. And to think that ayear ago I didnt love of your existence. Hecrossed to slap Delos on the back. It was a gestureso often give care the old kings that Maggies eyeswidened.Im outlet to scram some preparations of my knowledge, he said. I think the last hunt before youleave should be special, dont you?He was smilingashe left.Delos stared moodily at the fur c everyplacelet.Well, Sylvia said, sounding al near chirpy.Hows the arm?Delos glance d eat at it. He was still wearingthe abstruse brace thing Maggie had seen him in yesterday.Its allriot.Hurts?A little.Sylvia sighed and shook her head. Thats because you used it for pract glassful. I did discourage you,you know.Can you stain it better or not? Delos saidbrusquely.Sylvia was already plain-spokening the basket. I toldyou, itll take time. and it should im plant with distri unlessively treatment as longas you dont use it.She was minuscule with the brace, doing thingsthat Maggie couldnt see. And Maggies heart was licking hard with peevishness and an unreasonableprotectiveness.I cant let her do that to Delos just how can istop her? Theres no way. If she sees me, its allover .There, Sylvia said. That should hold you fora while.Maggie ground her teeth. yet at least by chance shell go now, she thought. It rulings manage about a deoxycytidine monophosphate Ive been sitting in herelistening to her. And this stool isnt acquire anymore comfortable.Now, Sylvia said b riskly, tidying. Just let meput your gloves away-Oh, no,Maggie thought, horrified. On the shelf beside her was a mickle of gloves.No,Delos said, so quickly it was almost anecho. I need them.Dont be silly. Youre not acquittance out again-Ill take them. Delos had wonderful reflexes. Heput himself surrounded by Sylvia and the wardrobe, andan instant later he was property on to the gloves,almost tugging them from her hands.Sylvia looked up at him wonderingly for a longmoment. Maggie could see her face, the creamy peel delicately flushed, and her eyes, the color ofr-drenched violets. She could see the shimmerof her pale blondhairas Sylvia shook her head s flatboatly.Delos stared down at her implacably. because Sylvia shrugged her ft-agile shoulders andletgo of the gloves.Ill go see to the feast, she said lightly andsmiled. She picked up her basket and locomote gracefully to the door.Delos watched her go.Maggiesimply sat, speechless and paralyzed.When Delos followed Sylvia and clos ed in(p) the door firmly behind her, she made herself pick up slowly offthe stool. She backed away from the curtainsslightly, that she could still see a rifle of thebedroom.Delos walked unerringly consecutive to the wardrobe.You can go on out now, he said, his voice flatand hard.Maggie boot out her eyes.Great. Well, I should have known. scarce he hadnt let Sylvia come in and discoverher, and he hadnt simply turned her over to his guards. Those were very good signs, she told herself stoutly. In fact, maybe she wasnt acquittance to haveto persuade him of anything at all maybe he wasalready going to be reasonable.Or do I have to come in? Delos said dangerously.Or maybe not, Maggie thought.She snarl a fast imbecilic desire to get the dust out of her hair. She shook her head a some times, brushing at it, consequently gave up. frightfully conscious of her smudged face and slaveclothing, she explodeed the linen hangings andwalked out.I warned you, Delos said.He was facing he r squarely, his cen legitimate set and his emit as grimas she had ever seen it. His eyeswere hooded, a dull and eerie gold in the shadows.He looked every inch the dark and hush-hush vam pire prince.And here I am, Maggie thought. Looking akinwell, similar vermin, I bet. Like something fished outof the gutter. non much of a representative forhumanity.She had never cared about clothes or hairstylesor things like that, moreover proficient now she wished thatshe could at least look presentable. Since the fateof the area energy just depend on her. up to now so, thither was something in the air betweenDelos and herself. A sort of quivering vitalness that quickened the simple eye in Maggies veins. That stirredsomething in her chest, and started her heartpounding with an odd categorisation of fear and hope.She faced Delos just assquarelyashe was facing her.I know some things that I think you need toknow, she said quietly.He ignored that. I told you what would happenif you came h ere. I told you I wouldnt protectyou again.I remember. But you didprotect me again. AndI thank you-but I really think Id better class youwhats going on. Sylvia is the suspicious type, andif shes gone to Hunter Redfern to say that youdont want mess looking in your closet-Dont you understand?he said with such sudden violence that Maggies pharynx closed, chokingoff her words. She stared at him. Youre so closeto dying, but you dont seem to care. Are you toostupid to grasp it, or do you just have a deathwish?The clump in Maggies chest now was definitelyfear.I do understand, she began slowly, when shecould get her voice to work. No, you dont, he said. But Ill make you.All at once his eyes were blazing. Not just theirnormal brilliant yellow, but a dazzling and unnatural gold that seemed to hold its own light.Even though Maggie had seen it before, it wasstill a shock to watch his features change. His face going paler, eve more pleasing and clearly defined, cozen in ice. His pupils wi dening like a predators, holding a darkness that a human coulddrown in. And that proud and willful mouth twist ing in anger.It all happened in a second or so. And whence hewas advancing on her, with dark implode in his eyes,and his lips pulling back from his teeth.Maggie stared at the fangs, helplessly horrifiedall over again. They were even card shark than she remembered them looking. They indented hislower lip on either side, even with his mouth partly .open. And, yes, they were definitely scary.This is what I am, Delos said, speaking easily around the fangs. A hunting animal. Part of a world of darkness that you couldnt survive for aminute in. Ive told you over and over to stay awayfrom it, but you wont listen. You turn up in my own castle, and you just wont swear your danger.So now Im going to show you.Maggie took a step backward. She wasnt in agood position the circumvent was behind her and thehuge bed was on her left. Delos was between her and the door. And she had alread y seen how fasthis reflexes were.Her legs felt unsteady her heart rate was beating erratically. Her wind was coming fast.He doesnt really mean ithe wont really do it.He isnt serious.But for all her minds desperate chanting, apprehensionwas beginning to riot inwardly her. The instincts of forgotten ancestors, long buried, were surfacing.Some ancient part of her remembered macrocosm chased by hunting animals, being prey.She backed up until she came in contact with the tapestry-hung wall behind her. And then therewas nowhere else to go.Now, Delos said and closed the blank between them with the grace of a tiger.He was right in front of her. Maggie couldnt helplooking up at him, looking directly into that alienand beautiful face. She could smell a scent like autumn leaves and fresh snow, but she could feel theheat from his body.Hes nothing dead or undead, some very distantpart of her mind thought. Hes ruthless, hes beenraised to be a utensil, but hes definitely alivemaybe the most alive thing Ive ever seen.When he moved, there was nowhere she couldgo to avoid him. His hands closed on her shoulderslike implacable bands of steel. And then he waspulling her forward, not roughly but not gently either, pulling her until her body be lightlyagainst his. And he was looking down at her withgolden eyes that burned like equate flames.Looking at my throat, Maggie thought. She couldfeel the pulse beating there, and with her chin tiltedup to look at him and her hurrying body arched away from him, she knew he could see it. His eyes werefixed on it with a different kind of hunger than shehad ever seen in a human face.For just one instant the panic overwhelmed her,flooding up dullly to engulf everything else. Shecouldnt think she was nothing but a terrified massof instinct, and all she cherished to do was to run,toget away.Then, slowly at first, the panic receded. It simplypoured off her, draining away. She feltasif she were rising from chummy water into air clear ascr ystal.She looked straight into the golden eyes aboveher and said, Go ahead.She had the delectation of seeing the golden eyeslook startled. What?Go ahead, Maggie said distinctly. It doesnt outlet. Youre stronger than me we some(prenominal) knowthat. But whatever you do, you cant make me yourprey. You dont have that power. You cant control me.Delos hissed in fury, a reptilian sound. You are .soYou precious me scared Im scared. But, then, Iwas scared before. And it doesnt matter. Theres something more crucial than me at stake here.Prove whatever youve got to prove and then Ill tell you about it.So completely stupid, Delos raged. But Maggiehad the odd feeling that his anger was more against himself than her. You dont think Ill spite you,he said.Youre wrong there.I willhurt you. Ill show you-You can kill me, Maggie said clearly. But thatsall you can do. I told you, you cant control me. And you lean change whats between us.He was very, very angry now. The fathomless pupils of his eye s were like black holes, and Maggie suddenly remembered that he wasnt just a vampire, or just a weapon, but some doomsday creature with powers meant for the end of the world.He hovered over her with his fangs showing.I willhurt you, he said. make me hurt you.He bent to her angrily, and she could see his intent in his eyes. He meant to pall and disillusion and he kissed her mouth like raindrops falling on cool water.Maggie clung to him desperately and kissed back.Where they touched they dissolved into each other.Then she felt him tremble in her arms and they were both lost.It was like the first time when their minds had joined. Maggie felt a pulsing thrill that enveloped her finished body. She could feel the pure line ofcommunication open between them, she could feelherself lifted into that wonderful still place whereonly the two of them existed and nothing else mattered.Dimly, she knew that her tangible self was fallingforward, that they were both falling, still clasped in each others arms. But in the low-keyed place of crystalline beauty where she really was, they werefacing each other in a white light.It was like being internal his mind again, but thistime he was there opposite her, gazing at her directly. He didnt look like a doomsday weapon anymore, or even like a vampire. His black-lashedgolden eyes were large, like a devout childs. Therewas a terrible wistfulness in his face.He swallowed, and then she comprehend his mentalvoice. It was just the barest breath of sound. Idontwant this Yes, you do, she interrupted, indignant. The normal barriers that existed between two people had melted she knew what he was feeling, and shedidnt like being lied to.-to end,he finished.Oh.Maggies eyes filled with sudden hot tears.She did what was instinctive to her. She reachedout to him. And then they were encompass in their minds, justastheir physical bodies embraced, andthere was that feeling of lightless wings allaround them.Maggie could catch fragments of his thoughts,not just the muster ones, but things so sound shewasnt sure he even knew he was thinking them. So lonely always been lonely. Meant to be that way. Always alone No, youre not,she told him, trying to decease it to the deepest part of him. Iwont let you be alone. And wewere meant to be like this cant you feel it?What she could feel was his knock-down(a) longing.But he couldnt be convinced all at once.She heard something like indispensability And sheadage names of his past. His father. His teachers.The nobles. Even the slaves who had heard theprophecies. They all believed he had only one purpose, and it had to do with the end of the world.You canchange your destiny, she said. Youdont have to go along with it. I dont know whats going to happen with the world, but you dont have to be what they say. You have the power to fight themFor one heartbeat the cipher of his father seemed to loom closer, tall and terrible, a father seen through the eyes of childhood. Then the fe aturesblurred, changing just full to proceed HunterRedfern with the same cruel and accusing light in his yellow eyes.And then the picture show was swept away by a tidalwave of anger from Delos.I am not a weapon.I know that,Maggie told him.I can ask what I am from now on. I can choose what path to follow.Yes,Maggie said.Delos said simply, Ichoose to go with you.His anger was gone. Just briefly, she got theflicker of another image from him, as she had once before seeing herself through his eyes.He didnt see her as a slave girl with dusty hairand a smudged face and coarse sacking for clothes.He saw her as the girl with autumn-colored hairand endlessly deep sorrel eyes-the kind of eyesthat never wavered, but looked straight into his soul. He saw her as warm and real and vibrant,melting the black ice of his heart and setting him free.And then this image was gone, too, and they weresimply holding on to each other, lapped in peace.They stayed like that for a while, their spiritsflowing in and out of each other. Delos didnt seeminclined to move.And Maggie wanted it to last, too. She wanted tostay here for a long time, exploring all the deepestand most secret places of the mind that was nowopen to her. To touch him in ways hed never beentouched before, this person who, beyond all logic,was the other half of her. Who belonged to her.Who was her soulmate.But there was something nagging at her consciousness. She couldnt ignore it, and when shefinally allowed herself to look at it, she remembered everything.And she was swept with a wave of alarm sostrong it snapped her right out of Deloss mind.She could feel the shock of separation call up in him as she sat up, aware(p) of her own bodyagain. They were still linked enough that ithurther just as it hurt him. But she was too frightenedto care.Delos, she said urgently. Weve got to do something. Theres going to be trouble.He blinked at her,asif he were coming fromvery far away. It will be all right, he said.No. It wont. Y ou dont understand.He sighed, very nearly his old exacerbate snort.If its Hunter Redfern youre worried about-Its him-and Sylvia. Delos, I heard them talkingwhen I was in the wardrobe. You dont know what theyve got planned.It doesnt matter what theyve got planned. I cantake care of them. He straightened a little, looked down at his left arm.No, you cant,Maggie said fiercely. And thatsthe problem. Sylvia put a spell on you, a bindingspell, she called it. You cant use your power.